Suchergebnisse für "e OR book OR eagle OR getting OR started OR guide"

Elektor GREEN en GOLD leden kunnen deze uitgave hier downloaden. Nog geen lid? Klik hier om een lidmaatschap af te sluiten. OBD2-sensordashboardOude meters vormden het startpunt van een zoektocht naar echte gegevens OBD2: voeg een toerenteller en schakelindicator toe aan je autoRetro, maar uiterst nuttig LiDAR- en Visiesensoren voor Robotica Sensor+Test 2025 en PCIM 2025 Contactloze E-Veldmetingen (1)Een Trillende Membraan voor het Detecteren van Gelijkspanningen of Statische Elektrische Velden Draadloze brievenbusmeldervan optische sensoren tot radar: enkele mogelijkheden Elektor Mini-Wheelieeen zelfbalancerende robot ZonnecellenVreemde onderdelen, de serie Aan de slag met een moderne radarsensorStaat een nauwkeurige meting op uw radar? Uit het leven gegrepenpapierfabriek CybersecurityZware tijden voor hackers Infographics: IoT en sensoren 2025 Bluetooth 6.0 brengt verbeterde toepassingen voor afstandsbepalingNieuwe versie biedt betere apparaatpositionerings- en -locatieservices Draadloze communicatie verkennen met BeagleY-AI Err-lectronicsCorrecties, updates en lezerspost Alle begin......sluit het thema opamps af Een krachtige AI-codeerassistentsneller ontwikkelen met Continue en Visual Studio Code Zonne-laadregelaar met MPPT (2)Het schema Ultrasone obstakeldetectoreen eenvoudig project om slechtzienden te helpen 2025: Een AI-odysseeHalfjaaroverzicht Raspberry Pi Standalone MIDI-synthesizer (3)Het slimmer maken en een gebruikersinterface toevoegen Meshtastic: een demonstratieprojectEen slim netwerk van LoRa-radio's Analoge audio-frequentiegeneratorHoogwaardige sinusgenerator met instelbare frequentie

Lesen (+) (–)

Preiswerter Audio-Messplatz Mit PC-Software und USB-Audio-Interface Netzspannungs-Frequenzmessgerät Technische Daten - 3D-Modell Kleines Induktivitätsmessgerät Eine kostengünstige Lösung für Ihr Heimlabor Reiten auf der Schallwelle Ein Blick auf das Makerfabs Acoustic Levitation Kit Aller Anfang... muss nicht schwer sein: Dioden als Gleichrichter E-FFWD: Der Blick wieder nach vorne gerichtet! Erste Schritte mit dem Oszilloskop Finden Sie den Weg durch den Knopf-und-Tasten-Dschungel Raspberry Pi Pico als Software Defined Radio Für das MSF-Zeitsignal Feuchtigkeitssensoren für Gießanlagen Automatische Bewässerung Umbruch in der Mess- und Prüftechnik Innovationen kleinerer Interaktionen Infografik 7-8/2022 Inspiration: Was wirklich wichtig ist Interview mit dem Unternehmer Walter Arkesteijn von InnoFaith Beauty Sciences EMV-Störungen durch Speicherdrosseln minimieren Grafische Benutzeroberflächen mit Python: Tic Tac Toe - Das Spiel Reed-Relais Bemerkenswerte Bauteile Einfaches analoges ESR-Messgerät mit Drehspulinstrument-Genauigkeit CO2-Ampel mit Sigfox-Interface Vom WLAN unabhängig! Frauen in der Technik „Es geht nur so lange um Leistung, bis diese Leistung Titten hat.“ Low-Budget Tablet-Oszilloskop ADS1013D Gutes Preis-/Leistungsverhältnis? Aufgeschraubt und reingeschaut: Funk-Smart-Plugs Smarte Funksteckdosen mit ESP8266 & Co. Hautwiderstand und Hautkapazität Kleine Experimente mit der menschlichen Hülle Aus dem Leben gegriffen Der Prophet gilt nichts im Vaterland Messgerät Pokit – die eierlegende Wollmilchsau? Klein und mit vielen Messmöglichkeiten Hexadoku Sudoku für Elektroniker

Lesen (+) (–)

Elektor GREEN and GOLD members can download their digital edition here. Not a member yet? Click here. DIY Solar Energy StorageBuild Your Own Energy Store for a PV Solar Array Solar Module SimulatorA Solution for Testing and Optimizing MPP Trackers and Inverters The STM32 Edge AI ContestExplore the new STM32N6 and Compete for a Share of €5,000 in Prizes! Widening the BandgapWhy There Is So Much Interest in SiC and GaN Notebook Power BankExtend the Life of Your Aged Laptop Medical RobotsOvercoming Technical and Regulatory Hurdles Frost Guard for Fruit Plants With Temperature Data Logger The Analog ThingThe Arduino of Analog Computing? Energy Saving Relay DriverSaves 90% of Relay Drive Power Improving the ET5410A+ DC loadKeep Cool and Be Quiet, Please electronica 2024 in Review Electromagnetic CompatibilityEMC in a Nutshell! Starting Out in Electronics……Filters Actively Reducing Power Dissipation With Dropping CapacitorsA Clever Use of Capacitive Reactance The Affordable MCP4725 12-Bit Digital-to-Analog ConverterAn EEPROM Feature Enables Safe Switch-On Behavior Fnirsi LCR-ST1 Smart LCR SMD Tweezers Raspberry Pi-Based Private Test & Measurement LabFirst Things First: The ADC Electronic Load ResistorAn Out-of-the-Box Project 2025: An AI OdysseySome Projects to See in the New Year AmpVolt v2.0 Project Update100 Amps and Beyond! Err-lectronicsCorrections, Updates, and Readers’ Letters Unveiling Ethical TransparencyInsights from Ethics in Electronics’s 2024 Survey Elektor Audio DSP FX Processor Board (2)Creating Applications

Lesen (+) (–)

Elektor GREEN and GOLD members can download their digital edition here. Not a member yet? Click here. USB Measurement AdapterTesting Current and Signal Quality of USB Ports 4...20 mA Current Output for Arduino UnoA Reliable, EMI-Insensitive Current Loop Interface Vacuum Cleaner Automatic ControlKeep Your Tools’ Work Area Clean DDS Generator with ATtiny Opamp-Tester V2New PCB – Now Also Suitable for SMDs 550-mW “Lamp” Audio AmplifierGet the Warm Sound of Vacuum Tubes With Ease Fuse GuardMonitoring a Fuse with a Flashing LED HQ RIAA PreamplifierGet the Most Out of Your Vinyl Records! Turntable Speed CalibratorAn Arduino-Based 100–120 Hz Strobe Light Generator Elektor Classics: video buffer/repeater Infrared Remote-Controlled DimmerControl Your Halogen or LED Floor Lamp Effortlessly and With Style How to Use switch…case on Strings in C++/Arduino IDE Magnet FinderWith a Simple Hall-Effect Sensor Raspberry Pi Smart Power ButtonA Solution for Raspberry Pi Up to Model 4 Essential Maker TipsProfessional Insights for Everyday Making Practical Projects with the 555 TimerDC Motor Control and Fast Reaction Challenges Basic AC-Load-On MonitorSave Energy with a Simple Device Power Banks in ParallelA Three-Day Continuous Power Solution VFO Up to 15 MHzAn Implementation With Raspberry Pi Pico Violin Tuner with ATtiny202 Elektor Classics: video amplifier for B/W television sets Capacitance Meter20 pF to 600 nF Quasi-Analog Clockwork Mk IITwo LED Rings for Hours and Minutes You Can Do Anything You Want(with the Arduino Ecosystem at Your Side) Neon Lamp Dice Elektor Classics: RTTY calibrator indicator Inspiring Hardware Designs for Your ESPs Elektor Classics: variable 3 A power supply RGB LEDs with Integrated Control CircuitLight with Precision: ICLEDs Set Standards Experiment: Towards a Mixed-Signal Theremin?Blending Modern Time-of-Flight Sensors With the Timeless XR2206 Analog Generator ESP32 Audio Transceiver Board (Part 1)SD Card WAV File Player Demo Infographics: Circuits and Circuit Design 2025 Small Audio MixerA Simple and Versatile Scalable Design Smart Staircase Light TimerSave More Money on the Energy Bill! Smarten Up Your ShuttersControlling Velux Hardware With an ESP32 and MQTT Solid-State Foot WarmerEnergy-Efficient Comfort Is the M5Stamp Fly Quadcopter the Next Tello? Boosting Wi-Fi Range of the ESP32-C3 SuperMiniA Simple and Effective Antenna Mod ZD-8968 Hot-Air Soldering StationA Budget-Friendly Workhorse or Just Hot Air? Parking Sensor TesterFinding Defects in the PDC System of a Car

Lesen (+) (–)

Elektor GREEN and GOLD members can download their digital edition here. Not a member yet? Click here. Small Thermal Imaging CameraAn Arduino UNO-Based DIY Solution Project Update #3: ESP32-Based Energy MeterIntegration and Testing with Home Assistant 2024: An AI OdysseyEnhancing Object Detection: Integrating Refined Techniques Raspberry Pi Goes AINew Kit Incorporates M.2 HAT+ With AI Accelerator Weather Station SensorsWhich One Should You Choose? AI-Based Water Meter Reading (1)Get Your Old Meter Onto the IoT! A GSM AlarmHarnessing GSM Technology for Remote Garage Safety Low-Power Thread Devices Optimized and ScrutinizedLow Power … Low Effort? From Life’s ExperienceThe Gender Gap DIY Cloud ChamberMaking Invisible Radiation Visible SparkFun Thing Plus MatterA Versatile Matter-Based IoT Development Board IoT RetrofittingMaking RS-232 Devices Fit for Industry 4.0 Enabling IoT with 8-Bit MCUs Technology Drives SustainabilityAdvances Lead to More Efficient Use of Energy in Many Applications AWS for Arduino and Co. (1)Using AWS IoT ExpressLink in Real Life Airflow Detector Using Arduino OnlyNo External Sensors Needed! Water Leak DetectorConnected to Arduino Cloud CrystalsPeculiar Parts, the Series Universal Garden LoggerA Step Towards AI Gardening Analog 1 kHz GeneratorSine Waves with Low Distortion Miletus: Using Web Apps OfflineSystem and Device Access Included! From 4G to 5GIs It Such an Easy Step? Starting Out in Electronics……Balances Out

Lesen (+) (–)

Elektor GREEN and GOLD members can download their digital edition here. Not a member yet? Click here. The RISC-V Open-Source Processor Architecture16 Boards and MCUs You Should Know An FPGA-Based Audio Player with Equalizer (1)Mixing Digital Audio with an Arduino MKR Vidor 4000 Laser Head for Pico-Based Sand ClockDrawing with Light Enter the STM32 Edge AI Contest A Multi-Sensor Environmental Monitoring System for PlantsWireless Measurement of Water Supply and Light Conditions Maixduino AI-Powered Automatic DoormanFace Detection with a Camera Embedded Electronics 2024AI Is Set to Redefine the Industry Charge-Based In-Memory Compute at EnCharge AI AI Inferencing at 10 Times Lower Power and 20 Fold Lower Cost Click Board Helps Develop and Train ML Models for Vibration Analysis The Elektor Mini-WheelieA Self-Balancing Robot Kit MCU, I See YouMCUViewer Open-Source Multiplatform Debugging Tool USB 2.0 IsolatorElectrically Isolated Connections for USB Devices Intervention Before DamagePredictive Maintenance in Practice SPoE – Electromagnetic CompatibilitySingle-Pair with Power-Over-Ethernet Through the Eyes of EMC Color TV: A Wonder of Its TimeCreating a New World ECG Graph MonitoringAn Implementation with Hexabitz Modules and an STM32CubeMonitor The Battle for AI at the Edge HaLow Hits Record 16-km Wi-Fi Distance at 900 MHz First CHERI RISC-V Embedded Chip and Early Access Programme Third-Generation Wildfire Detection Uses Satellite Links From Life’s ExperienceChoice Overload Starting Out in Electronics……Continues Filtering and Controls Tone Quasi-Analog ClockworkA Remake of an Elektor Classic A Modular Approach to Sensor TestingThe ESP32-S3-Based Sensor Evaluation Board 2025: An AI OdysseyThe Rise of Foundation Models and Their Role in Democratizing AI Raspberry Pi Standalone MIDI Synthesizer (1)Preparing a Platform for Some Edge AI Experiments Err-lectronicsCorrections, Updates, and Readers’ Letters Universal AI RISC-V Processor Does It All — CPU, GPU, DSP, FPGA CEO Interview: Ventiva’s Thin and Cool Tech Dual-Core Programming with a Raspberry Pi PicoVenture Into the World of Parallel Programming

Lesen (+) (–)

Das QAV250-Kit ist der perfekte Einstieg in die Entwicklung auf PX4 oder Ardupilot. Es kombiniert einen Carbonfaser-250-Rennrahmen und wichtige Elektronik mit dem Mini-Autopiloten Pixhawk 6C. Der Bausatz ist einfach zu montieren, Löten ist nicht erforderlich. Technische Daten Micro-Leistungsmodul (PM06 v2) Motoren: 2207 KV1950 Radstand: 250 mm Abmessungen: 198 x 235 x 70 mm Gewicht: 347 g Lieferumfang Carbonfaser-250-Flugzeugzelle mit Hardware Micro-Leistungsmodul (PM06 v2) Motoren: 2207 KV1950 5" Kunststoff-Requisiten Vollständig montiertes Power Management Board mit ESCs (BLHeli S ESC 20A) Akkugurte Hinweis: Der LiPo-Akku ist nicht im Lieferumfang enthalten.

Lesen (+) (–)

Der Peak Atlas DCA55 eignet sich hervorragend zur automatischen Identifizierung des Halbleitertyps auf den Messleitungen sowie der Pinbelegung und vieler anderer Parameter. Unterstützt Transistoren, MOSFETs, JFETs (nur Gate-Pin kann identifiziert werden), Dioden, LEDs und vieles mehr. Identifiziert automatisch den Komponententyp, die Pinbelegung und andere wichtige Parameter. Jetzt mit Transistor-Leckstrommessung und Germanium/Silizium-Identifizierung. Komponentenunterstützung Bipolartransistoren (NPN/PNP inkl. Silizium/Germanium) Darlington-Transistoren (NPN/PNP) Anreicherungsmodus-MOSFETs (N-Kanal und P-Kanal) Verarmungsmodus-MOSFETs (N-Ch und P-Ch) Sperrschicht-FETs (N-Ch und P-Ch). Nur Gate-Leitung identifiziert. Dioden und Diodennetzwerke (2- und 3-Leiter-Typen). LEDs und zweifarbige LEDs (2-Leiter- und 3-Leiter-Typen). Niedrigstromempfindliche Triacs und Thyristoren (<5 mA Trigger und Halten) Messungen Identifizierung des Teiletyps Identifizierung der Pinbelegung BJT-Stromverstärkung (hFE) BJT-Basis-Emitter-Spannung (Vbe) Leckstrom des BJT-Kollektors MOSFET-Gate-Schwellenspannung Dioden-Vorwärtsspannungsabfall (Vf) Technische Daten Analyzertyp Transistoren, Dioden, LEDs, MOSFETs, JFETs Pinout-Erkennung Vollständige Pinbelegung (nur Gate bei JFETs) Pinbelegungskonfiguration Beliebig anschließen Transistormessungen Vbe, hFE, Iceo MOSFET-Messungen Vgs(ein) Diodenmessungen Vf Sondentyp Universeller Greifertyp Batterie Einzelne AAA-Zelle (im Lieferumfang enthalten). Die Lebensdauer beträgt normalerweise 1300 Operationen Test-Bedingungen Typischerweise 5 mA, 5 V Spitze Anzeigetyp Alphanumerisches LCD (mit Hintergrundbeleuchtung) Lieferumfang Peak Atlas DCA55 Halbleiter-Analyzer Umfangreiche bebilderte Bedienungsanleitung Ausgestattet mit universellen Hakensonden AAA-Alkalibatterie Downloads Datasheet (EN) User Guide (DE)

Lesen (+) (–)

Der LCR45 bietet die gleichen Funktionen wie der beliebte LCR40, verfügt jedoch über einige bedeutende Verbesserungen. Der LCR45 verfügt über einen neuen Mikroprozessor mit hoher Kapazität und hochauflösende ADCs. Der LCR45 verfügt über eine fortschrittliche Mathematik, die auf der Analyse komplexer Impedanzen basiert. Dies ermöglicht eine verbesserte Messung der Komponentenwerte sowie eine umfassende und detaillierte Impedanzanzeige. Features Lieferung erfolgt mit vergoldeten, abnehmbaren Hakensonden Flüssigkeitsmessungen mit Hold-Funktion Automatischer oder manueller Komponententyp Automatische oder manuelle Testfrequenz, DC, 1 kHz, 15 kHz oder 200 kHz Verbesserte Messauflösung: 0,2 µH, 0,2 pF und 0,2 Ohm Einfaches Menüsystem für Benutzereinstellungen Verbesserte Kompensation für Komponentenparasiten und -verluste (wie Kernverluste usw.) Automatisches oder manuelles Ausschalten Technische Daten Analysertyp LCR und Komponentenimpedanz Komponententypen Auto/Manuell für L,C & R Messungstypen Induktivität, Kapazität und Widerstand Andere Messungen Komplexe Impedanz/Admittanz Weitere Messungen Größe und Phase der Impedanz Induktivitätsbereich 0uH bis 2H Kapazitätsbereich 0pF bis 10000uF Widerstandsbereich 0R bis 2MR Testhäufigkeit Automatisch und manuell: Gleichstrom, 1 kHz, 15 kHz, 200 kHz Anzeigetyp Alphanumerisches LCD (nicht hintergrundbeleuchtet) Messschema Kontinuierlich (mit optionaler Sperre) Batterie GP23 (12 V/55 mAH Typ), ~700 Operationen Lieferumfang LCR45 Passivkomponenten-Impedanzmessgerät 2-mm-Stecker und -Buchsen und abnehmbare Hakensonden Umfassende bebilderte Bedienungsanleitung 2 Batterien, eine eingebaut und eine Ersatzbatterie. GP23 Alkalibatterie. (12 V/55 mAH) Downloads Datasheet (EN) User Guide (DE)

Lesen (+) (–)

UNDERSTANDING THE NEURONS IN NEURAL NETWORKS (PART 1)Artificial Neurons EMC PRE-COMPLIANCE TEST FOR YOUR DC-POWERED PROJECT (PART 1)Dual DC LISN ELECTRONIC LOAD FOR DC AND ACUp to 400 V and 10 A (Peak) STARTING OUT IN ELECTRONICSEasier Than Imagined! ...Taking on the Choke! IMAGE PROCESSING WITH THE NVIDIA JETSON NANO (PART 1)The Hardware and Software AN IN-DEPTH LOOK AT MAINS TRANSFORMERSHow Do They Behave When They Are Switched On and Off? YES WE CAN WITH PICAN 3A CAN Bus HAT for the Raspberry Pi 4 BALCONY POWER PLANTDIY Solar Balcony = Speedy Payback! IMAGING AND VIDEO-STREAMING WITH A RASPBERRY PI 4The Raspberry Pi High-Quality Camera in Practice USING DISPLAYS IN RASPBERRY PI PROJECTSSample Chapter: Organic Light Emitting Diode Displays (OLED) HANDS ON THE PARALLAX PROPELLER 2 (PART 4)Sending Strings ELEKTOR @ 60A Look Back at Previous Septembers HOMELAB TOURSIn the Friesian Countryside, Where the Tubes Bloom ... HYBRIDSPeculiar Parts, the series A COMPASS ROSE USING THE GY-271Or Why We Move in Figures of Eight to Calibrate a Sensor FINDING YOUR FOOTPRINTCalculate the Carbon Footprint of Your Electronics ESP32-CONNECTED THERMOSTATKeep Your Wine at the Right Temperature! MAGNETIC LEVITATION THE DIGITAL WAYESP32 Pico Replaces the Analog Comparator ULTIMATE ARDUINO UNO HARDWARE MANUALSample Chapter: Main Microcontroller Bootloader MICROPYTHON FOR THE ESP32 AND FRIENDS (PART 2)Control Matrix Displays Easily MADMACHINE SWIFTIO BOARDModern Language Meets Modern Hardware FROM LIFE’S EXPERIENCEOn-Again, Off-Again Relationship HEXADOKUThe Original Elektorized Sudoku

Lesen (+) (–)

Elektor GREEN and GOLD members can download their digital edition here. Not a member yet? Click here. Project Update: ESP32-Based Energy MeterNext Steps in Prototyping Optimizing Balcony Power PlantsConsiderations, Interesting Facts, and Calculations ESP32 With OpenDTU for Balcony Power PlantsRead Data from Small Inverters Via MCUs Variable Linear Power Supply Ensemble0…50 V / 0…2 A + Dual Symmetrical Supply Energy Storage Today and TomorrowAn Interview With Simon Engelke 2024: An AI OdysseyIt’s Not Letting Up Bluetooth LE on the STM32A Way to Read Measurements Remotely Human-Centric Smart Kitchen Grocery Container MAUI: Programming for PC, Tablet, and SmartphoneThe New Framework in Theory and Practice ChatMagLevThe AI Way of Levitation Simple PV Power RegulatorBuild Your First, Fully Functional PV Energy Management System Cold-Cathode DevicesPeculiar Parts, the Series From Life’s ExperienceNostalgia Starting Out in Electronics……Looking at FETs CAN Bus Tutorial for the Arduino UNO R4Two UNO R4s Hop on the Bus! Infographics: Power & Energy Comprehensive Design and Development SupportArrow Engineering Services Comparing Power Density and Power Efficiency Aluminium Electrolytic CapacitorsInterference Potential in Audio Technology USB Test and MeasurementThe Fnirsi FNB58 The Pixel Pump Pick-and-Place ToolSimplifying Manual SMT Board Assembly HomeLab ToursNot So Long Ago, in a Far-Away Country... “In the world of ethics in electronics, even small steps can make a significant impact.” Ethics in ElectronicsThe OECD Guidelines and Germany’s Supply Chain Due Diligence Act Chadèche: Smart Ni-MH Charger/DischargerA Reader’s Project in Brief Err-lectronicsCorrections, Updates and Readers’ Letters

Lesen (+) (–)

As demand for solar panel installation has risen sharply, especially for installations larger than balcony power plants, the order books of solar companies are full. If you ask for a quote today, you may have to wait a while, if your request isn't simply postponed indefinitely. Another consequence of the solar boom is that some companies are charging very high prices for installations. Yet there is an obvious and radical solution to the problem of excessive prices: Do it yourself, as the English say. The price of materials is currently affordable, and it's the ideal time for those who do the work themselves. They couldn't save more. Add to this the satisfaction of doing something useful, both economically and ecologically, and the pleasure of building yourself. In this special issue, you'll find a wide selection of Elektor assemblies, from solar panel controllers to solar water heaters and solar panel orientation systems. The issue also contains practical information on solar panel installation and the technology behind them. Finally, there are a number of articles on the subject of balcony power plants, from how to install them to how to connect them to the Internet... Contents BASICS Dimensioning Photovoltaic Panel ArraysAn introduction to photovoltaic energy and the commonest techniques,followed by simplified calculation models and setup guidelines. Light Sensor TechnologyMeasuring daylight using LEDs. Solar Power Made SimpleSolar charging with and without a controller. Cable Cross-sections and Energy Losses in Solar SystemsKey considerations on the minimum values to respect for electricalcurrent in solar panel cabling. Solar ModulesEverything you always wanted to know about solar panels... Ideal Diode ControllerDiode Circuits with Low Power Dissipation. TIPS Tracking for Solar Modules zBot Solar/Battery Power Supply Solar Cell Array Charger with Regulator Solar Cell Voltage Regulator Solar-Powered Night Light Alternative Solar Battery Charger PROJECTS Energy LoggerMeasuring and Recording Power Consumption. Tiny Solar SupplySunlight In, 3.3 V Out. A Do-It-Yourself DTURead Data from Small Inverters by μC. Solar ChargerPortable energy for people on the move. Solar Thermal Energy RegulatorMaximum power point tracking explored. 2-amp Maximum Power Tracking ChargerSolar Power To The Max. Computer-driven HeliostatFollow the sun or the stars. Garden LightingUsing solar cells. Solar Panel Voltage Converter for IoT DevicesYes we CAN exploit indoor lighting. Travel ChargerFree power in the mountains. Solar Cell Battery Charger/MonitorWith protection against deep discharge. Solar-powered Battery ChargerPIC12C671 avoids overcharging and deep charging. Converters for Photovoltaic PanelsContributed by TME (Transfer MultisortElektronik). Solar Charging RegulatorFor panels up to 53 watts. Solar-Powered ChargerFor lead-acid batteries. CAN Bus + Arduino for Solar PV Cell MonitoringDetect and locate serviceable panels in large arrays. Balcony Power Plant 2.0The latest: solar panels, installation and inverters

Lesen (+) (–)