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Valve Amplifiers are regarded by many to be the ne plus ultra when it comes to processing audio signals. The combination of classical technology and modern components has resulted in a revival of the valve amplifier. The use of toraidal-core output transformers, developed by the author over the past 15 years, has contributed to this revival. The most remarkable features of these transformers are their extremely wide frequency ranges and their very low levels of linear and nonlinear distortion. This book explains the whys and wherefores of toroidal output transformers at various technical levels, starting with elementary concepts and culminating in complete mathematical descriptions. In all of this, the interactions of the output valves, transformer and loudspeaker form the central theme. Next come the practical aspects. The schematic diagram of a valve amplifier often appears to be very simple at first glance, but anyone who has built a modern valve amplifier knows that a lot of critical details are hidden behind this apparent simplicity. These are discussed extensively, in connection with designs for amplifiers with output powers ranging from 10 to 100 watts. Finally, the author gives some attention to a number of special valve amplifiers, and to the theory and practice of negative feedback. In summary, this book offers innovative solutions for achieving perfect audio quality. Do-it-yourself builders, as well as persons who want to gain a deeper technical understanding of the complex world of audio transformers, valve amplifiers and audio signal processing, will find this book a rich and useful source of information.

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Architecture, Programming and Applications The MSP430 is a popular family of microcontrollers from Texas Instruments. In this book we will work with the smallest type, which is the powerful MSP430G2553. We will look at the capabilities of this microcontroller in detail, as it is well-suited for self-made projects because it is available in a P-DIP20 package. We will take a closer look at the microcontroller and then build, step by step, some interesting applications, including a 'Hello World' blinking LED and a nice clock application, which can calculate the day of the week based on the date. You also will learn how to create code for the MSP microcontroller in assembler. In addition to that, we will work with the MSP-Arduino IDE, which makes it quite easy to create fast applications without special in-depth knowledge of the microcontrollers. All the code used in the book is available for download from the Elektor website.

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Practical Applications and Project with Arduino, ESP32, and RP2040 Immerse yourself in the fascinating world of control engineering with Arduino and ESP32! This book offers you a practical introduction to classic and modern control methods, including PID controllers, fuzzy logic, and sliding-mode controllers. In the first part, you will learn the basics of the popular Arduino controllers, such as the Arduino Uno and the ESP32, as well as the integration of sensors for temperature and pH measurement (NTC, PT100, PT1000, and pH sensor). You will learn how to use these sensors in various projects and how to visualize data on a Nextion TFT display. The course continues with an introduction to actuators such as MOSFET switches, H-bridges, and solid-state relays, which are used to control motors and actuators. You will learn to analyze and model controlled systems, including PT1 and PT2 control. The book focuses on the implementation of fuzzy and PID controllers for controlling temperature and DC motors. Both the Arduino Uno and the ESP32 are used. The sliding-mode controller is also introduced. In the second-to-last chapter, you will explore the basics of neural networks and learn how machine learning can be used on an Arduino. In the last chapter, there is a practical example of a fuzzy controller for feeding electricity into the household grid. This book is the perfect choice for engineers, students, and electronics engineers who want to expand their projects with innovative control techniques.

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Computer vision is probably the most exciting branch of image processing, and the number of applications in robotics, automation technology and quality control is constantly increasing. Unfortunately entering this research area is, as yet, not simple. Those who are interested must first go through a lot of books, publications and software libraries. With this book, however, the first step is easy. The theoretically founded content is understandable and is supplemented by many practical examples. Source code is provided with the specially developed platform-independent open source library IVT in the programming language C/C++. The use of the IVT is not necessary, but it does make for a much easier entry and allows first developments to be quickly produced. The authorship is made up of research assistants of the chair of Professor Ruediger Dillmann at the Institut für Technische Informatik (ITEC), Universitaet Karlsruhe (TH). Having gained extensive experience in image processing in many research and industrial projects, they are now passing this knowledge on. Among other subjects, the following are dealt with in the fundamentals section of the book: Lighting, optics, camera technology, transfer standards, camera calibration, image enhancement, segmentation, filters, correlation and stereo vision. The practical section provides the efficient implementation of the algorithms, followed by many interesting applications such as interior surveillance, bar code scanning, object recognition, 3-D scanning, 3-D tracking, a stereo camera system and much more.

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Auf dem Markt gibt es eine Reihe von Elektronik-Fachbüchern, die höchsten Ansprüchen genügen. Stellvertretend für alle sei hier nur die „Hohe Schule der Elektronik“ erwähnt (im Original „The Art of Electronics“), die in mehreren Bänden auch beim Elektor Verlag erschienen ist. Wer auf Elektronik-Kenntnisse für den täglichen Gebrauch Wert legt, muss nicht unbedingt den wissenschaftlichen Hintergrund bis ins letzte Detail studieren. So ist es auch nicht erforderlich, jedes „exotische“ Bauteil und jede mögliche Schaltungsvariante zu kennen. Wer sich mit den gemachten Aussagen identifizieren kann, hält mit diesem Buch das richtige Werk in Händen. Es ist geeignet für Einsteiger, für Auszubildende in den entsprechenden Berufen, für Hobby-Elektroniker und nicht zuletzt für diejenigen, für die Elektronik ein Thema unter vielen ist. Also alle, für die eine kurze, verständliche und auch bezahlbare Einleitung in den Themenbereich „Elektronik“ wichtig ist. „Basiskurs Elektronik“ ist ein Grundlagenbuch mit dem Schwerpunkt Analog-Niederfrequenztechnik – dem Einmaleins der gesamten Elektronik.

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Voor thuis en op school Dit boekje is gericht op leerlingen en natuurkunde docenten in het voortgezet onderwijs. Met voorbeelden op verschillende gebieden van de fysica, geeft het aan hoe een populair microprocessor platform als Arduino toegepast kan worden in het natuurkunde practicum. We passen Arduino onder andere toe als nauwkeurig meetinstrument, zodat metingen uitgewerkt kunnen worden in een spread sheet. Hoewel enige handigheid niet overbodig is, kunnen de beschreven experimenten kunnen ook uitstekend thuis worden uitgevoerd. In dat opzicht wil dit boek met name bij de jeugd de interesse wekken voor de toepassing van microprocessoren. In de hobbysfeer is dat niet alleen een zinvolle tijdsbesteding, maar bovenal interessant en leuk. Veiligheid staat uiteraard voorop bij het doen van experimenten. Energie, licht en warmte zijn onuitputtelijke bronnen, maar ze kunnen ook gevaar opleveren. Voor dit boek geldt dan ook het motto: Eerst denken, dan doen.

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Das Durchführen von Messungen gehört zu den grundlegenden Tätigkeiten eines jeden Elektronikers, wie das tägliche Brot zum Leben. Ob bei der Entwicklung von Schaltungen, der Überprüfung während der Produktion oder bei der Fehlersuche in defekten Geräten: Messgeräte sind das wichtigste Handwerkszeug und kommen stets zum Einsatz. „Wer misst, misst Mist“ lautet ein oft zitiertes Motto. Damit dem nicht so ist, muss der Elektroniker wissen, was er tut, muss die Genauigkeit seiner Messgeräte und vor allem die Schwachpunkte des Messverfahrens kennen. Hier setzt dieses Buch an: Ausgehend von theoretischen Betrachtungen und Begriffsdefinitionen geht die Reise von den einfachen Zeigerinstrumenten über Multimeter und Oszilloskop hin zu FFT-Analysen und spezialisierten Messgeräten wie Audio-Analyser, Schallpegelmesser, Geräte- und Installationstester.

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This book contains 50 fun and exciting projects for PIC microcontrollers such as a laser alarm, USB teasing mouse, eggtimer, youth repellent, soundswitch, capacitive liquid level gauge, 'finger in the water' sensor, guarding a room using a camera, mains light dimmer (110-240 volts), talking microcontroller and much more. Several different techniques are discussed such as relay, alternating current control including mains, I²C, SPI, RS232, USB, pulse width modulation, rotary encoder, interrupts, infrared, analog-digital conversion (and the other way around), 7-segment display and even CAN bus. You can use this book to build the projects for your own use. The clear explanations, schematics and even pictures of each project make this a fun activity. For each project the theory is discussed and why the project has been executed in that particular way. That means you can also use this book as a studybook, or as basis for larger and more complicated projects. All projects use a breadboard so modification and expansion is easy. Three PIC microcontrollers are used, the 16f877A, 18f4455 and 18f4685. It is also discussed how you can migrate your project from one microcontroller to another – 15 types are supported - including two example projects. All software that is used in this book can be downloaded for free. That also applies to the open source programming language JAL. This powerful and yet easy to learn language is used by hobbyists as well as professionals. This book can also be used as a reference guide. It explains all JAL commands, as well as the expansion libraries. Using the index you can easily find example projects that illustrate the use of these commands. Even when you have built all projects in this book you will still want to keep it within arm's reach.

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Tout sur les protocoles et leur mise en œuvre avec Arduino Initialement destiné aux véhicules routiers, le réseau CAN (« Controller Area Network ») et son successeur le réseau CAN FD (« Flexible Data ») ont vu leurs champs d’application s’élargir à de nouveaux domaines. L’industrie propose de nombreux modules microcontrôleurs dotés d’une interface CAN et/ou CAN FD. L’environnement de développement Arduino a démocratisé la programmation de ces modules et il existe des bibliothèques qui implémentent un pilote CAN et/ou un pilote CAN FD. La première partie dresse un rapide historique des réseaux CAN et CAN FD et expose la problématique des lignes de transmission en abordant succinctement leur théorie et présentant des résultats de simulation Spice. La deuxième partie est consacrée au réseau CAN, en détaillant successivement la fonction logique du réseau, les transcepteurs, les contrôleurs, la topologie la plus classique (le bus) et d’autres moins courantes, les répéteurs et les passerelles. Les aspects particuliers du protocole, tels que le bit stuffing, l’arbitrage, les trames d’erreur, la détection des erreurs sont exposés. La discussion de la fiabilité du protocole est illustrée par des exemples mettant en évidence ses faiblesses. La troisième partie présente le protocole CAN FD, ses deux variantes CAN FD ISO et CAN FD non ISO, leurs fiabilités, leurs faiblesses, mises en évidence par des exemples. Différents transcepteurs et contrôleurs CAN FD sont décrits. La quatrième partie est dédiée aux applications : comment utiliser les services d’un pilote, concevoir une messagerie, utiliser un analyseur logique. Deux exemples d’application terminent cette partie. Ce livre s’adresse aux amateurs et aux ingénieurs non spécialistes pour comprendre les possibilités qu’offre un réseau CAN et comment on le met en œuvre. Un enseignant trouvera des informations pour approfondir ses connaissances et pour concevoir des travaux pratiques. Une connaissance des microcontrôleurs, de leur programmation, de l’électronique numérique aidera à la lecture des schémas. La connaissance du langage C++ et du langage de simulation électronique Spice facilitera la compréhension des programmes qui sont décrits dans le livre. Tous les codes source sont disponibles sur le dépôt GitHub de l’auteur. Téléchargements GitHub

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50 maal 'elektronica van vroeger'. In het januarinummer 2005 van het elektronica-maandblad Elektor zag de rubriek 'Retrotronica' voor het eerst het licht. Onder supervisie van Elektor-redacteur Jan Buiting wordt sindsdien elke maand een stukje 'elektronica van vroeger' opgerakeld. Tegenwoordig worden de meeste elektronische schakelingen opgebouwd rond een microcontroller die het 'denkwerk' voor zijn rekening neemt. Nog niet zo heel lang geleden echter bestonden die dingen nog niet (of waren ze onbetaalbaar); niettemin slaagden de ontwerpers van toen er (naar huidige maatstaven) verbijsterend goed in om uiterst betrouwbaar en nauwkeurig werkende schakelingen en apparatuur te bouwen. Veel apparaten blijken, na jaren op een stoffige zolder of in een vochtige kelder te hebben gestaan, na een schoonmaakactie nog perfect te functioneren -- er is dus geen reden om de 'elektronica van vroeger' met een meewarige blik te bekijken; integendeel: het zijn vaak wondertjes van vernuft en vakmanschap! In dit boek hebben we 50 bijdragen uit de rubriek 'Retrotronica' voor u gebundeld - een must voor iedereen die geïnteresseerd is in 'oude' elektronica of in de geschiedenis van het maandblad Elektor (destijds Elektuur), aangezien enkele 'klassieke' Elektuur-schakelingen prominent aan bod komen!

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The newcomer to Microchip’s PIC microcontrollers invariably gets an LED to flash as their first attempt to master this technology. You can use just a simple LED indicator in order to show that your initial attempt is working, which will give you confidence to move forward. This is how the book begins — simple programs to flash LEDs, and eventually by stages to use other display indicators such as the 7-segment display, alphanumeric liquid crystal displays and eventually a colour graphic LCD. As the reader progresses through the book, bigger and upgraded PIC chips are introduced, with full circuit diagrams and source code, both in assembler and C. In addition, a small tutorial is included using the MPLAB programming environment, together with the EAGLE schematic and PCB design package to enable readers to create their own designs using the book’s many case studies as working examples to work from.

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