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An Introduction to Circuit Simulation LTspice, developed by Analog Devices, is a powerful, fast, and free SPICE simulator, schematic capture, and waveform viewer with a large database of components supported by SPICE models from all over the world. Drawing a schematic in LTspice is easy and fast. Thanks to its powerful graphing features, you can visualize the voltages and currents in a circuit, and also the power consumption of its components and much more. This book is about learning to design and simulate electronic circuits using LTspice. Among others, the following topics are treated: DC and AC circuits Signal diodes and Zener diodes Transistor circuits including oscillators Thyristor/SCR, diac, and triac circuits Operational amplifier circuits including oscillators The 555 timer IC Filters Voltage regulators Optocouplers Waveform generation Digital logic simulation including the 74HC family SPICE modeling LTspice is a powerful electronic circuit simulation tool with many features and possibilities. Covering them all in detail is not possible in a book of this size. Therefore, this book presents the most common topics like DC and AC circuit analysis, parameter sweeping, transfer functions, oscillators, graphing, etc. Although this book is an introduction to LTspice, it covers most topics of interest to people engaged in electronic circuit simulation. The book is aimed at electronic/electrical engineers, students, teachers, and hobbyists. Many tested simulation examples are given in the book. Readers do not need to have any computer programming skills, but it will help if they are familiar with basic electronic circuit design and operation principles. Readers who want to dive deeper can find many detailed tutorials, articles, videos, design files, and SPICE circuit models on the Internet. All the simulation examples used in the book are available as files at the webpage of this book. Readers can use these example circuits for learning or modify them for their own applications.

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STM32 Nucleo family of processors are manufactured by STMicroelectronics. These are low-cost ARM microcontroller development boards. This book is about developing projects using the popular Nucleo development board. In the early chapters of the book, the architecture of the Nucleo family is briefly described. Software development tools that can be used with the Nucleo boards such as the Mbed, Keil MDK, TrueSTUDIO, and the System Workbench are described briefly in later Chapters. The book covers many projects using most features of the STM32 Nucleo development boards where the full software listings for Mbed and System Workbench are given for every project. The projects range from simple flashing LEDs to more complex projects using modules and devices such as GPIO, ADC, DAC, I²C, LCD, analog inputs and others. In addition, several projects are given using the Nucleo Expansion Boards, including popular expansion boards such as solid-state relay, MEMS and environmental sensors, DC motor driver, Wi-Fi, and stepper motor driver. These Expansion Boards plug on top of the Nucleo development boards and simplify the task of project development considerably. Features of this book Learn the architecture of the STM32 microcontrollers Learn how to use the Nucleo development board in projects using Mbed and System Workbench Toolchains Learn how to use the Nucleo Expansion Boards with the Nucleo development boards Update The Mbed compiler has been replaced with two software packages: The Mbed Studio and Keil Studio Cloud. Both of these software packages are free of charge and are available on the Internet. If you need assistance using the Keil Studio Cloud, please download the Guide below.

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Make your project dreams come true: an odometer for the hamster wheel, a fully automatic control of your ant farm with web interface, or the Sandwich-O-Mat – a machine that toasts and grills sandwiches of your choice. With the Arduino and the DIY or Maker movement, not only did entry into microcontroller programming become child's play, but a second development also took place: Resourceful developers brought small boards – so-called shields or modules – to the market, which greatly simplified the use of additional hardware. The small modules contain all the important electronic parts to be connected to the microcontroller with a few plug-in cables, eliminating the need for a fiddly and time-consuming assembly on the plug-in board. In addition, it is also possible to handle tiny components that do not have any connecting legs (so-called SMDs). Projects Discussed Arduino seeks connection BMP and introduction to libraries, I²C Learn I/O basics with the multi-purpose shield I²C LCD adapter and DOT matrix displays LCD keypad shield Level converter W5100: Internet connection I/O expansion shield Relays and solid-state relays The multi-function shield: A universal control unit Connecting an SD card reader via SPI Keys and 7-segment displays 16-bit ADC MCP4725 DAC 16-way PWM servo driver MP3 player GPS data logger using an SD card Touch sensor Joystick SHT31: Temperature and humidity VEML6070 UV-A sensor VL53L0X time-of-flight Ultrasonic distance meter MAX7219-based LED DOT matrix display DS3231 RTC Port expander MCP23017 433 MHz radio MPU-650 gyroscope ADXL345 accelerometer WS2812 RGB LEDs Power supply MQ-xx gas sensors CO2 gas sensor ACS712 current sensor INA219 current sensor L298 motor driver MFRC522 RFID 28BYJ-48 stepper motor TMC2209 silent step stick X9C10x digital potentiometer ST7735 in a color TFT display e-Paper display Bluetooth Geiger counter SIM800L GSM module I²C multiplexer Controller Area Network

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The OWON XDM1041 is a fast, high-precision digital True RMS benchtop multimeter with a high-resolution 3.5-inch LCD and 50,000 counts. Its DC voltage accuracy is up to 0.05% and it can measure up to 65 values per second. Features 3.5“ high-resolution LCD (480x320 pixels) 55000 counts, DC voltage accuracy up to 0.05% Up to 65 readings per second Dual line display supported Trend analysis accessible in chart mode AC True RMS measurements (bandwidth: 20 Hz – 1 kHz) SCPI support: Remote control the multimeter through PC software via USB port Data record function, you can record the measured data into internal memory, and then read and process the recorded data with your computer. Technische Daten Measurement Range Resolution Accuracy DC Voltage 50.000 mV 0.001 mV 0.1% +10 500.00 mV 0.01 mV 0.05% +5 5.0000 V 0.0001 V 0.05% +5 50.000 V 0.001 V 0.05% +5 500.00 V 0.01 V 0.1% +5 1000.0 V 0.1 V 0.1% +10 AC Voltage 500 mV～750 V 20 Hz～45 Hz 1% +30 45 Hz～65 Hz 0.5% +30 65 Hz～1 KHz 0.7% +30 DC Current 500 uA 0.01 uA 0.15% +20 5000 uA 0.1 uA 0.15% +10 50 mA 0.001 mA 0.15% +20 500 mA 0.01 mA 0.15% +10 5 A 0.0001 A 0.5% +10 10 A 0.001 A 0.5% +10 AC Current 500 uA～500 mA 20 Hz～1 KHz 0.5% +20 5 A-10 A 1.5% +20 Resistance 500 Ω 0.01 Ω 0.15% +10 5 KΩ 0.0001 KΩ 0.15% +5 50 KΩ 0.001 KΩ 0.15% +5 500 KΩ 0.01 KΩ 0.15% +5 5 MΩ 0.0001 MΩ 0.3% +5 50 MΩ 0.001 MΩ 1% +10 Frequency 10.000 Hz～60 MHz / ±(0.2% +10) Capacitance 50 nF～500 uF / 2.5% +10 5 mF～50 mF 5% +10 Diode 3.0000 V 0.0001 V / Continuity 1000 Ω 0.1 Ω Adjustable threshold Temperature K type, PT100 Max Display 55,000 counts Data-logging Function Logging Duration 15ms～9999.999s Logging Length 1,000 points Display 3.5“ TFT LCD (480x320 pixels) Power supply 230 V AC mains voltage Dimensions 200 x 88 x 150 mm Weight approx. 0.5 kg Lieferumfang 1x OWON XDM1041 Multimeter 1x Power cord 2x Test leads 1x Fuse 1x USB cable 1x Manual Downloads Programming Manual PC Software

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Modular and Scalable Control Systems Using Structured Text This book offers a structured and practical approach to modern PLC development using object-oriented principles. It is a guide for engineers, programmers, and students seeking to harness the power of object-oriented programming (OOP) in the context of industrial automation with PLCs. The content focuses on the CODESYS development environment and Structured Text (ST), both of which support modern programming techniques while maintaining compatibility with real-time automation requirements. Through step-by-step demos and instructional examples, it demonstrates how modular, reusable code can enhance development efficiency, simplify ongoing maintenance, and enable scalable and flexible control system architectures. Key topics include: Structured Text fundamentals: conditions, loops, arrays, and functions Object-oriented concepts: classes, methods, and inheritance Advanced techniques: polymorphism, interfaces, and access control Modular design with reusable components and structured program flow Implementation of finite state machines and scalable application design Built around instructional demos and clear explanations, this book helps readers develop maintainable and modern control software in the CODESYS environment using proven programming techniques.

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Ready-to-use devices and self-built Arduino nodes in the 'The Things Network' LoRaWAN has developed excellently as a communication solution in the IoT. The Things Network (TTN) has contributed to this. The Things Network was upgraded to The Things Stack Community Edition (TTS (CE)). The TTN V2 clusters were closed towards the end of 2021. This book shows you the necessary steps to operate LoRaWAN nodes using TTS (CE) and maybe extend the network of gateways with an own gateway. Meanwhile, there are even LoRaWAN gateways suitable for mobile use with which you can connect to the TTN server via your cell phone. The author presents several commercial LoRaWAN nodes and new, low-cost and battery-powered hardware for building autonomous LoRaWAN nodes. Registering LoRaWAN nodes and gateways in the TTS (CE), providing the collected data via MQTT and visualization via Node-RED, Cayenne, Thingspeak, and Datacake enable complex IoT projects and completely new applications at very low cost. This book will enable you to provide and visualize data collected with battery-powered sensors (LoRaWAN nodes) wirelessly on the Internet. You will learn the basics for smart city and IoT applications that enable, for example, the measurement of air quality, water levels, snow depths, the determination of free parking spaces (smart parking), and the intelligent control of street lighting (smart lighting), among others.

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35 Projects for Beginners This book is for hobbyists, students and engineers who want to learn C and how to use an mbed ARM microcontroller in an easy and fun way, without the need for cumbersome software installations. ARM mbed microcontroller NXP LPC1768 The projects in this book are meant for beginners in C and ARM microcontrollers. That doesn't mean the projects are simple, but it does mean that they are easy to understand. We use for example USB communications, a subject that is made so easy by the mbed that it is suitable for a beginners book. Cloud technology The mbed NXP LPC1768 uses cloud technology, a revolutionary concept in software development. This means you do not need to install software on your PC in order to program the mbed! The only thing you need is a browser such as Microsoft Internet Explorer, and a USB port on your PC. You can get access to your project from any PC anywhere in the world and continue working on it. When you are done a few simple mouse clicks transfer the program to your mbed hardware. Of course you can optionally download the projects and store them on your own PC. Features of this Book Learn how to program an mbed ARM microcontroller using cloud technology. No complicated software installation on your PC needed. Learn programming in C by doing fun and interesting projects. No previous experience or knowledge required. Examples of projects in this book: flashing light, timer, light activated switch, digital thermometer, people detector, USB communication, talking microcontroller, debugging, sound switch, and much more - 35 projects in total. Examples of C subjects in this book: variables, commands, functions, program execution, pointers (introduction).

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Der OWON HDS2102s ist ein tragbarer 3-in-1-Multifunktionstester, der als 2-Kanal-Oszilloskop mit einer Bandbreite von 100 MHz, Multimeter und Signalgenerator verwendet werden kann. Es verfügt über ein kontrastreiches 3,5-Zoll-Farbdisplay, das sich für die Wartung von Außenanlagen, schnelle Messungen vor Ort, die Wartung von Kraftfahrzeugen und die Stromerkennung eignet. usw. Features Oszilloskop + Multimeter + Wellenformgenerator, Multifunktion in einem 3,5 Zoll hochauflösendes, kontrastreiches Farb-LCD-Display, geeignet für den Außenbereich 18650-Lithiumbatterie, kann 3–6 Stunden lang ununterbrochen arbeiten USB-Typ-C-Schnittstelle, unterstützt Powerbank, unterstützt PC-Software-Verbindung Selbstkalibrierungsfunktion SCPI unterstützt, erleichtert die sekundäre Entwicklung Technische Daten Bandwidth 100 MHz Channels 2-ch Oscilloscope + 1-ch Generator Sample Rate 500 MSa/s Acquisition Model Normal, Peak detect Record Length 8K Display 3.5-inch LCD Waveform Refresh Rate 10,000 wfrms/s Input Coupling DC, AC, and Ground Input Impedance 1 MΩ ±2%, in parallel with 16pF ±10pF Probe Attenuation Factors 1X,10X,100X,1000X,10000X Max. input Voltage 400 V (DC+AC, PK-PK, 1MΩ input impedance) (10:1 probe attenuation) Bandwidth Limit (typical) 20 MHz Horizontal Scale 2ns/div - 1000s/div, step by 1 - 2 - 5 Vertical Sensitivity 10mV/div - 10V/div Vertical Resolution 8 bits Trigger Type Edge Trigger Modes Auto, Normal, single Automatic Measurement Frequency, Period, Amplitude, Max, Min, Mean, PK-PK Cursor Measurement ΔV, ΔT, ΔT&ΔV between cursors Communication Interface USB-C Multimeter (Technische Daten) Max. Resolution 20,000 counts Testing Mode Voltage, Current, Resistance, Capacitance, Diode, and Continuity test Input Impedance 10 MΩ Max Input Voltage AC 750 V, DC 1000 V Max Input Current DC: 10 A, AC: 10 A Diode 0-2 V Signalgenerator (Technische Daten) Frequency Output Sine 0.1 Hz - 25 MHz Square 0.1 Hz - 5MHz Ramp 0.1 Hz - 1 MHz Pulse 0.1 Hz - 5 MHz Arbitrary 0.1 Hz - 5 MHz Sampling Rate 125 MSa/s Channel 1-ch Amplitude Range (high impedance) 20 mVpp - 5 Vpp Waveform Length 8K Vertical Resolution 14 bits Output Impedance 50Ω Lieferumfang 1x OWON HDS2102s 1x Netzteil 1x USB-Kabel 1x Passive Sonden 2x Krokodilklemmenkabel 1x Satz Multimeter-Sonden (eine rote und eine schwarze) 1x Manual 1x Sondenkorrektur-Einstellmesser Downloads User Manual Specifications SCPI Protocol Quick Guide Software

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Modular and Scalable Control Systems Using Structured Text This book offers a structured and practical approach to modern PLC development using object-oriented principles. It is a guide for engineers, programmers, and students seeking to harness the power of object-oriented programming (OOP) in the context of industrial automation with PLCs. The content focuses on the CODESYS development environment and Structured Text (ST), both of which support modern programming techniques while maintaining compatibility with real-time automation requirements. Through step-by-step demos and instructional examples, it demonstrates how modular, reusable code can enhance development efficiency, simplify ongoing maintenance, and enable scalable and flexible control system architectures. Key topics include: Structured Text fundamentals: conditions, loops, arrays, and functions Object-oriented concepts: classes, methods, and inheritance Advanced techniques: polymorphism, interfaces, and access control Modular design with reusable components and structured program flow Implementation of finite state machines and scalable application design Built around instructional demos and clear explanations, this book helps readers develop maintainable and modern control software in the CODESYS environment using proven programming techniques.

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Principles, Systems, and Electronics This handbook provides a detailed study of the sensors and actuators at the heart of modern vehicle electronics. It begins with basic electrical and electronic concepts, introducing the principles and terminology essential for understanding automotive systems. The book explores sensors and actuators on a system-by-system basis, including: Fundamentals of electrical engineering, electromagnetic phenomena, and motor principles Passive and active electronic components, integrated circuits, protection devices, and automotive-grade electronics Sensor characteristics, signal conditioning, ADCs, PWM and frequency outputs, and interface adaptation Automotive communication links and protocols, including LIN and SENT Engine sensors: air mass, pressure, temperature, speed, position, exhaust and emissions-related sensors Transmission sensors for manual and automatic systems Steering and suspension sensors for conventional and active systems Vehicle body and electrical system sensors for comfort, climate, access, and monitoring functions Engine actuators such as throttle bodies, injectors, turbo actuators, EGR systems, ignition components, and pumps Transmission, brake, steering, suspension, and body actuators Identification and coding of electronic components and packages commonly used in automotive applications The structure and operating principles of each component are explained, with relevant electronic circuitry illustrated. Its system-oriented organization and practical focus make it a valuable reference for understanding, testing, and troubleshooting automotive electronic systems.

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Die OWON ADS900A-Serie ist ein kompaktes 12-Bit-Digitaloszilloskop mit bis zu 2 GSa/s, 100 MPTS Speicher und 125/250 MHz Bandbreite. Mit seinem 7"-Multitouch-Display, FFT, Protokolldekodierung und integriertem Logikanalysator ermöglicht es eine präzise Signalanalyse für Labor-, Werkstatt- und Feldanwendungen. Technische Daten ADS914A ADS924A Bandwidth (-3 dB) 125 MHz 250 MHz Channels 4 Max. sample rate 2 GSa/s (single-channel) 1 GSa/s (dual-channel) 500 MSa/s (full-channel) DC Gain Accuracy 3% (≤1 mV) 2% (≥2 mV) Max memory depth 100M Vertical resolution 12 bits Relay time accuracy ±25 ppm (typical) Input Impedance 1 MΩ±2%, parallel with20 pF±5 pF Probe Attenuation Coefficient 1.00μX-1M.00X,step by 1-2-5, support custom Trigger type Edge, Video, Pulse, Slope, Runt, Windows, Timeout, Nth, Logic, RS232/UART, I²C, SPI CAN, LIN Bus decoding RS232/UART, I²C, SPI, CAN, LIN Auto measurement Period, Frequency, +Width, -Width, Rise Time, Fall Time, Scr Duty, +Duty,-Duty, Vavg, Vpp, VRMS, Overshoot, Vmax, Vmin, Vtop, CycRms, Vbase, Vamp, Preshoot, Std Dev, +Pulse Cnt, -Pulse Cnt, Rise Cnt, Fall Cnt, Area, Cyc Area, Delay(A↑-B↑), Delay(A↑-B↓), Delay(A↓-B↑), Delay(A↓-B↓), Phase(A↑-B↑) Phase(A↑-B↓), Phase(A↓-B↑), Phase(A↓-B↓), FRR(A↑-B↑), FRF(A↑-B↓) FFR(A↓-B↑), FFF(A↓-B↓), LRR(A↑-B↑), LRF(A↑-B↓), LFR(A↓-B↑), LFF(A↓-B↓) Waveform Math +, -, *, /, &&, ||, ^, ！, Intg, Diff, Sqrt, Function operation (Lg / Ln / Exp / Abs / Sine / Cosine / Tan), FFT, FFT rms, User Defined, digital filter (low pass, high pass, band pass, band reject) Frequency counter 6-digit frequency counter Maximum frequency: maximum analog bandwidth of oscilloscope Voltmeter Support DC, AC+DCrms, ACrms, Resolution: 4 digits (ACV/DCV) Logical Analyzer Specifications Number of channels 16 input channels (D0-D15) (D0 to D7, D8 to D15) Max. input voltage ±40V peak CAT I, transient overvoltage 800Vpk Input Impedance 100kΩ, 8 pF Vertical resolution 1 bit Other Communication Interface HDMI, USB device, USB Host, Trig Out (P/F), LAN Display 7 inch (1024x600), capacitive multi-touch screen Power supply interface USB-C Dimensions 260 x 160 x 78 mm Weight 1.5 kg Lieferumfang 1x OWON ADS924A Oszilloskop 1x Netzteil 1x Netzkabel 1x USB-Kabel 1x Sonde 1x Quick Guide Downloads Manual Quick Guide PC Software

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