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LoRaWAN, Sigfox, NB-IoT & LTE-M Compared The Internet of Things depends on a critical question. How do you connect devices that must operate for years on tiny batteries, often miles from the nearest power outlet? This Elektor Technical Brief provides a practical guide to the technologies that have become the backbone of long-range, low-power IoT connectivity. Compiled by the Elektor Content Team, this concise technical brief examines the real engineering tradeoffs behind today’s leading Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) technologies: LoRaWAN, Sigfox, NB-IoT, and LTE-M. By referencing a wide range of Elektor articles and other online content, this document explains why link budget, noise, bandwidth, and power consumption ultimately determine system performance. From there, it explores the architectures, strengths, limitations, and deployment realities of each major LPWAN technology, helping you understand not just how they work, but when and why to use them. Whether you’re designing smart meters, industrial sensors, agricultural monitoring systems, asset trackers, or connected infrastructure, this guide provides the insights needed to make informed connectivity decisions. Along the way, you’ll discover: Why LPWAN technologies emerged and where they fit in the IoT landscape The RF fundamentals that drive range, reliability, and battery life Details about LoRaWAN, Sigfox, NB-IoT, and LTE-M Practical comparisons of power, coverage, latency, cost, and deployment models Guidance for selecting the right LPWAN technology for your application Emerging trends shaping the future of long-range IoT connectivity Clear, accessible, and grounded in real engineering practice, this Technical Brief helps you move beyond specifications and marketing claims to understand what matters most. If you’re building connected products that need to survive in the field — not just in the lab — this is the LPWAN guide you’ll want at your side. Elektor helped launch the first wave of electronics makers in 1961. Since then, our global community has grown by hundreds of thousands of active members (comprising professional engineers, makers, and students) and more than 500 contributing experts. Every day, we inspire members to design and earn money with electronics.

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32 new Projects, Practical Examples and Exercises with the Elektor Arduino Nano MCCAB Training Board Electronics and microcontroller technology offer the opportunity to be creative. This practical microcontroller course provides you with the chance to bring your own Arduino projects and experience such moments of success. Ideally, everything works as you imagined when you switch it on for the first time. In practice, however, things rarely work as expected. At that point, you need knowledge to efficiently search for and find the reason for the malfunction. In this book for advanced users, we delve deep into the world of microcontrollers and the Arduino IDE to learn new procedures and details, enabling you to successfully tackle and solve even more challenging situations. With this book, the author gives the reader the necessary tools to create projects independently and also to be able to find errors quickly. Instead of just offering ready-made solutions, he explains the background, the hardware used, and any tools required. He sets tasks in which the reader contributes their own creativity and writes the Arduino sketch themselves. If you don’t have a good idea and get stuck, there is, of course, a suggested solution for every project and every task, along with the corresponding software, which is commented on and explained in detail in the book. This practical course will teach you more about the inner workings of the Arduino Nano and its microcontroller. You will get to know hardware modules that you can use to realize new and interesting projects. You will familiarize yourself with software methods such as ‘state machines,’ which can often be used to solve problems more easily and clearly. The numerous practical projects and exercise sketches are once again realized on the Arduino Nano MCCAB Training Board, which you may already be familiar with from the course book ‘Microcontrollers Hands-on Course for Arduino Starters’, and which contains all the hardware peripherals and operating elements we need for the input/output operations of our sketches. Readers who do not yet own the Arduino Nano MCCAB Training Board can purchase the required hardware separately, or alternatively, build it on a breadboard.

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Mastering the Language and the Development Platform Many people would like to learn Java but getting started is not easy since programming with Java requires at least two things: mastering the programming language and the development environment. With the help of many examples, this book shows how the language is structured. In addition, it employs the Eclipse development environment as an example of a powerful tool to teach developing Java programs. In Basics, the first part of the book, you acquire your Java and Eclipse basic knowledge. This part lays the programming foundations, gives you an overview of Java technology, and shows you what is special about object-oriented programming. In the second part called Java Language, everything revolves around the subtleties of the Java language and this is where the first small Java applications are created, aided by a fine blend of the knowledge part and practical exercises. Java Technology is both the name and the focus of the third part which also introduces you to the rules to observe when programming, what class libraries are and what advantages they have. In addition, you will learn how to test programs, what algorithms are, and how to program them. The fourth part, Java Projects, enables you to apply all the previous elements in an application with a graphical user interface. The project shows how to develop a larger application piece by piece with the Eclipse development environment. The Appendix concludes with a section on frequent errors that can occur when working with Eclipse, and a Glossary.

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Hands-on in more than 50 projects STM32 Nucleo family of processors are manufactured by STMicroelectronics. These are low-cost ARM microcontroller development boards. This book is about developing projects using the popular STM32CubeIDE software with the Nucleo-L476RG development board. In the early Chapters of the book the architecture of the Nucleo family is briefly described. The book covers many projects using most features of the Nucleo-L476RG development board where the full software listings for the STM32CubeIDE are given for each project together with extensive descriptions. The projects range from simple flashing LEDs to more complex projects using modules, devices, and libraries such as GPIO, ADC, DAC, I²C, SPI, LCD, DMA, analogue inputs, power management, X-CUBE-MEMS1 library, DEBUGGING, and others. In addition, several projects are given using the popular Nucleo Expansion Boards. These Expansion Boards plug on top of the Nucleo development boards and provide sensors, relays, accelerometers, gyroscopes, Wi-Fi, and many others. Using an expansion board together with the X-CUBE-MEMS1 library simplifies the task of project development considerably. All the projects in the book have been tested and are working. The following sub-headings are given for each project: Project Title, Description, Aim, Block Diagram, Circuit Diagram, and Program Listing for the STM32CubeIDE. In this book you will learn about STM32 microcontroller architecture; the Nucleo-L476RG development board in projects using the STM32CubeIDE integrated software development tool; external and internal interrupts and DMA; DEBUG, a program developed using the STM32CubeIDE; the MCU in Sleep, Stop, and in Standby modes; Nucleo Expansion Boards with the Nucleo development boards. What you need a PC with Internet connection and a USB port; STM32CubeIDE software (available at STMicroelectronics website free of charge) the project source files, available from the book’s webpage hosted by Elektor; Nucleo-L476RG development board; simple electronic devices such as LEDs, temperature sensor, I²C and SPI chips, and a few more; Nucleo Expansion Boards (optional).

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Buch: Mastering the Arduino Uno R4 Das Arduino Uno R3 Board basiert auf dem kostengünstigen 8-Bit-Prozessor ATmega328P und dürfte sich als das beliebteste Mitglied der Arduino-Familie erweisen. Dieses zuverlässige Board begleitet uns seit vielen Jahren. Elf Jahre später erschien der lang erwartete Nachfolger, das Arduino Uno R4. Es basiert auf einem 48-MHz-32-Bit-Arm-Cortex-M4-Mikrocontroller und bietet deutlich erweiterten SRAM- und Flash-Speicher. Zusätzlich wurden ein hochpräziserer ADC und ein neuer DAC integriert. Das Uno R4 Board unterstützt außerdem den CAN-Bus mit einer entsprechenden Schnittstelle. Das Board ist in zwei Versionen erhältlich: Uno R4 Minima und Uno R4 WiFi. Dieses Buch zeigt, wie man mit diesen neuen Boards und nur wenigen Bauteilen und externen Modulen viele verschiedene und interessante Projekte realisieren kann. Alle im Buch beschriebenen Projekte wurden, je nach Modell, vollständig auf dem Uno R4 Minima oder dem Uno R4 WiFi-Board getestet. Die Projektthemen umfassen das Auslesen, Steuern und Ansteuern zahlreicher Komponenten und Module des Bausatzes sowie des jeweiligen Uno R4-Boards, einschließlich LEDs 7-Segment-Anzeigen (mit Timer-Interrupts) LCDs Sensoren RFID-Leser 4×4-Tastatur Echtzeituhr (RTC) Joystick 8×8 LED-Matrix Motoren DAC (Digital-Analog-Wandler) LED-Matrix WiFi-Konnektivität Serieller UART CAN-Bus Infrarot-Controller und -Empfänger Simulatoren … alles auf kreative und lehrreiche Weise, wobei die Funktionsweise des Projekts und die zugehörige Software sehr detailliert erklärt werden. Arduino Uno R4 WiFi Der Arduino Uno R4 wird vom Renesas RA4M1 32-Bit ARM Cortex-M4 Prozessor angetrieben und bietet dadurch eine deutliche Steigerung der Rechenleistung, des Speichers und der Funktionalität. Die WiFi-Version verfügt zusätzlich zum RA4M1 über ein ESP32-S3 WLAN-Modul und erweitert so die kreativen Möglichkeiten für Maker und Ingenieure. Der Arduino Uno R4 taktet mit 48 MHz und bietet damit eine dreifache Steigerung gegenüber dem beliebten Uno R3. Darüber hinaus wurde der SRAM von 2 kB auf 32 kB und der Flash-Speicher von 32 kB auf 256 kB erweitert, um komplexere Projekte zu unterstützen. Auf Wunsch der Community wurde der USB-Anschluss auf USB-C umgestellt und die maximale Versorgungsspannung dank eines verbesserten Wärmemanagements auf 24 V erhöht. Die Platine verfügt über einen CAN-Bus und einen SPI-Anschluss, wodurch Anwender den Verkabelungsaufwand reduzieren und durch den Anschluss mehrerer Shields parallele Aufgaben ausführen können. Ein 12-Bit-Analog-DAC ist ebenfalls auf der Platine vorhanden. Technische Daten Mikrocontroller Renesas RA4M1 (ARM Cortex-M4) USB USB-C Programmieranschluss Anschlüsse Digitale Ein-/Ausgangsanschlüsse 14 Anschlüsse Analoge Eingangsanschlüsse 6 DAC 1 RTC 1 PWM-Anschlüsse 6 Kommunikation UART 1x I²C 1x SPI 1x Qwiic I²C-Anschluss 1x CAN 1x CAN-Bus Stromversorgung Betriebsspannung 5 V Eingangsspannung (VIN) 6-24 V Gleichstrom pro I/O-Pin 8 mA Taktfrequenz Hauptkern 48 MHz Speicher RA4M1 256 kB Flash, 32 kB RAM LED-Matrix 12 x 8 (96 rote LEDs) Abmessungen 68,9 x 53,4 mm Downloads Datasheet Schematics Dieses Bundle enthält: Buch: Mastering the Arduino Uno R4 (Einzelpreis: 45 €) Arduino Uno R4 WiFi (Einzelpreis: 30 €)

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PC USB Logic Analyzers with Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and Co. Step-by-step instructions guide you through the analysis of modern protocols such as I²C, SPI, UART, RS-232, NeoPixel, WS28xx, HD44780 and 1-Wire. With the help of numerous experimental circuits based on the Raspberry Pi Pico, Arduino Uno and the Bus Pirate, you will learn the practical application of popular USB logic analyzers. All the experimental circuits presented in this book have been fully tested and are fully functional. The necessary program listings are included – no special programming or electronics knowledge is required for these circuits. The programming languages used are MicroPython and C along with the development environments Thonny and Arduino IDE. This book uses several models of flexible and widely available USB logic analyzers and shows the strengths and weaknesses of each price range. You will learn about the criteria that matter for your work and be able to find the right device for you. Whether Arduino, Raspberry Pi or Raspberry Pi Pico, the example circuits shown allow you to get started quickly with protocol analysis and can also serve as a basis for your own experiments. After reading this book, you will be familiar with all the important terms and contexts, conduct your own experiments, analyze protocols independently, culminating in a comprehensive knowledge set of digital signals and protocols.

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This book is about the Raspberry Pi 3 computer and its use in various control and monitoring applications. The book explains in simple terms and with tested and working example projects, how to configure the Raspberry Pi 3 computer, how to install and use the Linux operating system, and how to write hardware based applications programs using the Python programming language. The nice feature of this book is that it covers many Raspberry Pi 3 based hardware projects using the latest hardware modules such as the Sense HAT, Swiss Pi, MotoPi, Camera module, and many other state of the art analog and digital sensors. An important feature of the Raspberry Pi 3 is that it contains on-board Bluetooth and Wi-Fi modules. Example projects are given in the book on using the Wi-Fi and the Bluetooth modules to show how real-data can be sent to the Cloud using the Wi-Fi module, and also how to communicate with an Android based mobile phone using the Bluetooth module. The book is ideal for self-study, and is intended for electronic/electrical engineering students, practising engineers, research students, and for hobbyists. It is recommended that the book should be followed in the given Chapter order. Over 30 projects are given in the book. All the projects in the book are based on the Python programming language and they have been fully tested. Full program listings of every project are given in the book with comments and full descriptions. Experienced programmers should find it easy to modify and update the programs to suit their needs. The following sub-headings are given for each project to make it as easy as possible for the readers to follow the projects: Project title Description Aim of the project Raspberry Pi type Block diagram Circuit diagram Program listing

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PC USB Logic Analyzers with Arduino, Raspberry Pi, and Co. Step-by-step instructions guide you through the analysis of modern protocols such as I²C, SPI, UART, RS-232, NeoPixel, WS28xx, HD44780 and 1-Wire. With the help of numerous experimental circuits based on the Raspberry Pi Pico, Arduino Uno and the Bus Pirate, you will learn the practical application of popular USB logic analyzers. All the experimental circuits presented in this book have been fully tested and are fully functional. The necessary program listings are included – no special programming or electronics knowledge is required for these circuits. The programming languages used are MicroPython and C along with the development environments Thonny and Arduino IDE. This book uses several models of flexible and widely available USB logic analyzers and shows the strengths and weaknesses of each price range. You will learn about the criteria that matter for your work and be able to find the right device for you. Whether Arduino, Raspberry Pi or Raspberry Pi Pico, the example circuits shown allow you to get started quickly with protocol analysis and can also serve as a basis for your own experiments. After reading this book, you will be familiar with all the important terms and contexts, conduct your own experiments, analyze protocols independently, culminating in a comprehensive knowledge set of digital signals and protocols.

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Principles, Design, and Real-World Applications of Modern Photonics Light shapes our world—from the glow of a simple LED to the precision of a laser beam and the immense power of the sun. LEDs, Lasers, and Sunlight – Principles, Design, and Real-World Applications of Modern Photonics is your comprehensive guide to understanding, designing, and applying modern light technologies. This book takes you on a journey from the fundamentals of photonics—covering the nature of light, optical laws, and color theory—to real-world engineering with today’s most important light sources. You’ll explore how LEDs work, how to design efficient lighting systems, and how to tackle practical challenges such as thermal management, power supply design, and optical performance. Beyond illumination, the book opens doors to specialized applications: horticultural lighting for plant growth, infrared and ultraviolet technologies, modern display systems from LCD to MicroLED, and the fascinating world of lasers—from their physics to their use in medicine, industry, and communication. It also connects light engineering to sustainability through solar energy and thermal radiation. Written with a strong practical focus, this book bridges theory and application. Whether you are an engineer, student, or advanced hobbyist, you’ll gain the tools to turn concepts into working solutions—from selecting components to building complete systems. If you want to understand light not just as a phenomenon, but as a powerful engineering tool, this book will illuminate the way.

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As demand for solar panel installation has risen sharply, especially for installations larger than balcony power plants, the order books of solar companies are full. If you ask for a quote today, you may have to wait a while, if your request isn't simply postponed indefinitely. Another consequence of the solar boom is that some companies are charging very high prices for installations. Yet there is an obvious and radical solution to the problem of excessive prices: Do it yourself, as the English say. The price of materials is currently affordable, and it's the ideal time for those who do the work themselves. They couldn't save more. Add to this the satisfaction of doing something useful, both economically and ecologically, and the pleasure of building yourself. In this special issue, you'll find a wide selection of Elektor assemblies, from solar panel controllers to solar water heaters and solar panel orientation systems. The issue also contains practical information on solar panel installation and the technology behind them. Finally, there are a number of articles on the subject of balcony power plants, from how to install them to how to connect them to the Internet... Contents BASICS Dimensioning Photovoltaic Panel ArraysAn introduction to photovoltaic energy and the commonest techniques,followed by simplified calculation models and setup guidelines. Light Sensor TechnologyMeasuring daylight using LEDs. Solar Power Made SimpleSolar charging with and without a controller. Cable Cross-sections and Energy Losses in Solar SystemsKey considerations on the minimum values to respect for electricalcurrent in solar panel cabling. Solar ModulesEverything you always wanted to know about solar panels... Ideal Diode ControllerDiode Circuits with Low Power Dissipation. TIPS Tracking for Solar Modules zBot Solar/Battery Power Supply Solar Cell Array Charger with Regulator Solar Cell Voltage Regulator Solar-Powered Night Light Alternative Solar Battery Charger PROJECTS Energy LoggerMeasuring and Recording Power Consumption. Tiny Solar SupplySunlight In, 3.3 V Out. A Do-It-Yourself DTURead Data from Small Inverters by μC. Solar ChargerPortable energy for people on the move. Solar Thermal Energy RegulatorMaximum power point tracking explored. 2-amp Maximum Power Tracking ChargerSolar Power To The Max. Computer-driven HeliostatFollow the sun or the stars. Garden LightingUsing solar cells. Solar Panel Voltage Converter for IoT DevicesYes we CAN exploit indoor lighting. Travel ChargerFree power in the mountains. Solar Cell Battery Charger/MonitorWith protection against deep discharge. Solar-powered Battery ChargerPIC12C671 avoids overcharging and deep charging. Converters for Photovoltaic PanelsContributed by TME (Transfer MultisortElektronik). Solar Charging RegulatorFor panels up to 53 watts. Solar-Powered ChargerFor lead-acid batteries. CAN Bus + Arduino for Solar PV Cell MonitoringDetect and locate serviceable panels in large arrays. Balcony Power Plant 2.0The latest: solar panels, installation and inverters

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All you need to know about good acoustics and sound systems in performance and worship spaces! Everyone knows that the ability to hear music in balance and to understand speech is essential in any space used for performance or worship. Unfortunately, in the early 21st century, we find that buildings with good acoustics are the exception rather than the rule. Much of the fault leading to this result can be traced to the widespread perception that acoustics is a black art. In fact, scientific acoustics as developed in the last century is a well-defined engineering practice that can lead to predictable excellent results. A basic, non-engineering understanding of acoustics will help building owners, theater managers, ministers and teachers of music, performers, and other professionals to achieve their goals of excellent acoustics in venues with which they work. Performers having a basic understanding of acoustics will be able to make the most of the acoustics of the venue in which they perform. This book helps those responsible for providing good acoustics in performance and worship spaces to understand the variables and choices entailed in proper acoustic design for performance and worship. Practicing acoustical consultants will find the book a useful reference as well. The level of presentation is comfortable and straightforward without being simplistic. If correct acoustical principles are incorporated into the design, renovation, and maintenance of performance and worship venues, good acoustics will be the result.

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Über 45 Projekte für den legendären 555-Chip (und den 556, 568) Der 555-Timer-IC, ursprünglich um 1971 von Signetics eingeführt, gehört zweifellos zu den beliebtesten analogen integrierten Schaltkreisen, die je produziert wurden. Ursprünglich als „IC-Zeitmaschine“ bezeichnet, wurde dieser Chip über Jahrzehnte hinweg in zahlreichen zeitgesteuerten Projekten verwendet. Dieses Buch befasst sich mit der Entwicklung von Projekten, die auf dem 555-Timer-IC basieren. Es werden über 45 vollständig getestete und dokumentierte Projekte vorgestellt. Alle Projekte wurden vom Autor selbst getestet, indem sie einzeln auf einem Breadboard aufgebaut wurden. Es sind keine Programmierkenntnisse erforderlich, um die im Buch vorgestellten Projekte nachzubauen oder zu verwenden. Allerdings ist es definitiv hilfreich, über grundlegende Elektronikkenntnisse und den Umgang mit einem Breadboard zum Aufbau und Testen elektronischer Schaltungen zu verfügen. Einige der Projekte im Buch sind: Abwechselnd blinkende LEDs Veränderung der Blinkrate von LEDs Touchsensor-Ein/Aus-Schalter Ein-/Ausschaltverzögerung Lichtabhängiger Ton Dunkel-Hell-Lichtschalter Tonburst-Generator Langzeit-Timer Lauflichter LED-Roulette-Spiel Ampelsteuerung Durchgangsprüfer Elektronisches Schloss Kontaktentprellung für Schalter Spielzeug-Elektronikorgel Mehrfachsensor-Alarmsystem Metronom Spannungsmultiplizierer Elektronischer Würfel 7-Segment-Display-Zähler Motorsteuerung 7-Segment-Display-Würfel Elektronische Sirene Verschiedene andere Projekte Die im Buch vorgestellten Projekte können von den Lesern für ihre eigenen Anwendungen modifiziert oder erweitert werden. Elektronikingenieur-Studenten, Leute, die gerne kleine elektronische Schaltungen entwerfen, sowie Elektronik-Hobbyisten werden die Projekte im Buch sicher lehrreich, unterhaltsam, interessant und nützlich finden.

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