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LoRaWAN, Sigfox, NB-IoT & LTE-M Compared The Internet of Things depends on a critical question. How do you connect devices that must operate for years on tiny batteries, often miles from the nearest power outlet? This Elektor Technical Brief provides a practical guide to the technologies that have become the backbone of long-range, low-power IoT connectivity. Compiled by the Elektor Content Team, this concise technical brief examines the real engineering tradeoffs behind today’s leading Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) technologies: LoRaWAN, Sigfox, NB-IoT, and LTE-M. By referencing a wide range of Elektor articles and other online content, this document explains why link budget, noise, bandwidth, and power consumption ultimately determine system performance. From there, it explores the architectures, strengths, limitations, and deployment realities of each major LPWAN technology, helping you understand not just how they work, but when and why to use them. Whether you’re designing smart meters, industrial sensors, agricultural monitoring systems, asset trackers, or connected infrastructure, this guide provides the insights needed to make informed connectivity decisions. Along the way, you’ll discover: Why LPWAN technologies emerged and where they fit in the IoT landscape The RF fundamentals that drive range, reliability, and battery life Details about LoRaWAN, Sigfox, NB-IoT, and LTE-M Practical comparisons of power, coverage, latency, cost, and deployment models Guidance for selecting the right LPWAN technology for your application Emerging trends shaping the future of long-range IoT connectivity Clear, accessible, and grounded in real engineering practice, this Technical Brief helps you move beyond specifications and marketing claims to understand what matters most. If you’re building connected products that need to survive in the field — not just in the lab — this is the LPWAN guide you’ll want at your side. Elektor helped launch the first wave of electronics makers in 1961. Since then, our global community has grown by hundreds of thousands of active members (comprising professional engineers, makers, and students) and more than 500 contributing experts. Every day, we inspire members to design and earn money with electronics.

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Der vollständige Download dieser Nummer ist für unsere GOLD- und GREEN-Mitglieder auf der Elektor Magazine- Site verfügbar! Nicht noch einmal Mitglied? Klicken Sie hier .

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Das Elektor Arduino Nano MCCAB Trainingsboard enthält alle Bauteile (inkl. Arduino Nano), die für die Übungen des "Mikrocontroller-Praxiskurs für Arduino-Einsteiger" benötigt werden wie Leuchtdioden, Schalter, Taster, akustische Signalgeber usw. Auch externe Sensoren, Motoren oder Baugruppen können mit diesem Mikrocontroller-Übungssystem abgefragt oder gesteuert werden. Technische Daten (Arduino Nano Trainingsboard MCCAB) Stromversorgung Über die USB-Verbindung des zur Erstellung der Programme sowieso angeschlossenen PCs oder ein externes Netzteil (nicht im Lieferumfang enthalten) Betriebsspannung +5 Vcc Eingangsspannung Alle Eingänge 0 V bis +5 V VX1 und VX2 +8 V bis +12 V (nur bei Verwendung eines externen Netzteils) Mikrocontrollermodul Arduino Nano Hardwareperipherie LCD 2x16 Zeichen Potenziometer P1 & P2 JP3: Auswahl der Betriebsspannung von P1 & P2 Verteiler SV4: Verteiler für die BetriebsspannungenSV5, SV6: Verteiler für die Ein-/Ausgänge des Mikrocontrollers Schalter und Taster RESET-Taster auf dem Arduino Nano-Modul6x Tastschalter K1 … K66x Schiebeschalter S1 … S6JP2: Verbindung der Schalter mit den Eingängen des Mikrocontrollers Summer Piezo-Summer Buzzer1 mit Steckbrücke auf JP6 Leuchtanzeigen LED L auf dem Arduino Nano-Modul, verbunden mit GPIO D1311x LED: Zustandsanzeige für die Ein-/AusgängeJP6: Verbindung der LEDs LD10 … LD20 mit den GPIOs D2 … D12 Serielle SchnittstellenSPI & I²C JP4: Auswahl des Signals an Pin X der SPI-Steckerleiste SV12SV9 bis SV12: SPI-Interface (3,3 V/5 V) bzw. I²C-Interface Schaltausgang für externe Geräte SV1, SV7: Schaltausgang (maximal +24 V/160 mA, extern zugeführt)SV2: 2x13 Pins zum Anschluss externer Module 3x3 LED-Matrix (9 rote LEDs) SV3: Spalten der 3x3 LED-Matrix (Ausgänge D6 … D8)JP1: Verbindung der Reihen mit den GPIOs D3 … D5 Software Library MCCABLib Steuerung der Hardware-Komponenten (Schalter, Taster, Leuchtdioden, 3x3 LED-Matrix, Summer) auf dem MCCAB Trainingsboard Betriebstemperatur bis +40 °C Abmessungen 100 x 100 x 20 mm Technische Daten (Arduino Nano) Mikrocontroller ATmega328P Architektur AVR Betriebsspannung 5 V Flashspeicher 32 KB, davon 2 KB vom Bootloader belegt SRAM 2 KB Taktfrequenz 16 MHz Analoge IN-Pins 8 EEPROM 1 KB DC-Strom pro I/O-Pin 40 mA an einem I/O-Pin, insgesamt maximal 200 mA an allen Pins gemeinsam Eingangsspannung 7-12 V Digitale I/O-Pins 22 (6 davon sind PWM-fähig) PWM-Ausgänge 6 Stromverbrauch 19 mA Abmessungen 18 x 45 mm Gewicht 7 g Lieferumfang 1x Elektor Arduino Nano Trainingsboard (MCCAB) 1x Arduino Nano

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Learning circuit design the fun way Welcome to the world of electronics! Getting started in electronics is not as difficult as you may think. Using this book, you will explore and learn the most important electrical and electronics engineering concepts in a fun way by doing various experiments and by simulating circuits. It will teach you electronics practically without getting into complex technical jargon and long calculations. As a result, you will be creating your own projects soon. No prior knowledge of electronics is required, only some basic algebra is used in a few simple calculations. Many tested and working projects and simulations are presented to familiarise yourself with the construction of electronic circuits. Circuit simulation is introduced at an early stage to enable you to experiment with circuits easily without breaking anything. You will learn: The concepts of voltage, current, and power AC and DC Basic lamp circuits with switches Passive components: resistors, capacitors & inductors RC & RCL circuits Electromagnetism Loudspeakers, relays, buzzers, and transformers Active components: diodes & LEDs, bipolar transistors & MOSFETs Transistor-based switching circuits Optocoupler circuits Astable & monostable multivibrators Using the 555 timer IC The operational amplifier Digital logic Advanced examples: amplifiers, oscillators, filters, and sensors Test and measurement tools Microcontrollers: Arduino UNO, ESP32, Raspberry Pi Pico, and Raspberry Pi Reading datasheets and best practices for selecting components EMC & EMI and norms & regulations

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Dieser USB Logic Analyzer ist ein 8-Kanal-Logikanalysator, bei dem jeder Eingang doppelt für die analoge Datenaufzeichnung dient. Es eignet sich perfekt zum Debuggen und Analysieren von Signalen wie I²C, UART, SPI, CAN und 1-Wire. Dabei wird ein digitaler Eingang, der mit einem zu testenden Gerät (DUT) verbunden ist, mit einer hohen Abtastrate abgetastet. Die Verbindung zum PC erfolgt via USB.Technische DatenKanäle8 digitale KanäleMaximale Abtastrate24 MHzMaximale Eingangsspannung0 V ~ 5 VBetriebstemperatur0°C ~ 70°CEingangsimpedanz1 MΩ || 10 pFUnterstützte ProtokolleI²C, SPI, UART, CAN, 1-Wire etc.PC-VerbindungUSBAbmessungen55 x 28 x 14 mmLieferumfangUSB Logic Analyzer (8 Kanäle, 24 MHz)USB-KabelJumper Wire Ribbon KabelDownloadsSoftware

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Learn how to use the ESP32 Microcontroller and MicroPython programming in your future projects! The project book, written by well-known Elektor author Dogan Ibrahim, holds many software- and hardware-based projects especially developed for the MakePython ESP32 Development Kit. The kit comes with several LEDs, sensors, and actuators. The kit will help you acquire the basic knowledge to create IoT projects. The book’s fully evaluated projects feature all the supplied components. Each project includes a block diagram, a circuit diagram, a full program listing, and a complete program description. Included in the kit 1x MakePython ESP32 development board with LCD 1x Ultrasonic ranging module 1x Temperature and humidity sensor 1x Buzzer module 1x DS18B20 module 1x Infrared module 1x Potentiometer 1x WS2812 module 1x Sound sensor 1x Vibration sensor 1x Photosensitive resistance module 1x Pulse sensor 1x Servo motor 1x USB cable 2x Button 2x Breadboard 45x Jumper wire 10x Resistor 330R 10x LED (Red) 10x LED (Green) 1x Project book (206 pages) 46 Projects in the Book LED Projects Blinking LED Flashing SOS Blinking LED – using a timer Alternately flashing LEDs Button control Changing the LED flashing rate using pushbutton interrupts Chasing-LEDs Binary-counting LEDs Christmas lights (random-flashing 8 LEDs) Electronic dice Lucky day of the week Pulsewidth Modulation (PWM) Projects Generate a 1000-Hz PWM waveform with 50% duty cycle LED brightness control Measuring the frequency and duty cycle of a PWM waveform Melody maker Simple electronic organ Servo motor control Servo motor DS18B20 thermometer Analog To Digital Converter (ADC) Projects Voltmeter Plotting the analog input voltage ESP32 internal temperature sensor Ohmmeter Photosensitive resistance module Digital To Analog Converter (DAC) Projects Generating fixed voltages Generating a sawtooth-wave signal Generating a triangular-wave signal Arbitrary periodic waveform Generating a sinewave signal Generating accurate sinewave signal using timer interrupts Using The OLED Display Seconds counter Event counter DS18B20 OLED based digital thermometer ON-OFF temperature controller Measuring the temperature and humidity Ultrasonic distance measurement Height of a person (stadiometer) Heart rate (pulse) measurement Other Sensors Supplied with the Kit Theft alarm Sound-activated light Infrared obstacle avoidance with buzzer WS2812 RGB LED ring Timestamping temperature and humidity readings Network Programming Wi-Fi scanner Remote control from the Internet browser (using a smartphone or PC) – Web Server Storing temperature and humidity data in the Cloud Low-Power Operation Using a timer to wake up the processor

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Elektor GREEN and GOLD members can download their digital edition here. Not a member yet? Click here. OBD2 Sensor DashboardOld Dials Sparked a Quest for Real Data OBD2: Add a Rev Counter and Gear Shift Indicator to Your CarRetro, but Super Useful LiDAR and Vision Sensors for Robotics Sensor+Test 2025 and PCIM 2025 Contact-Free E-Field Measurements (1)A Vibrating Membrane for Assessing DC Voltages or Static Electric Fields Wireless Mailbox NotifierFrom Optical Sensors to Radar, Exploring a Few Options Elektor Mini-WheelieA Self-Balancing Robot Solar CellsPeculiar Parts, the Series Getting Started With a Modern Radar SensorIs an Accurate Measurement on Your Radar? From Life’s ExperiencePaper Factory CybersecurityTough Times for Hackers Siglent Presents Next-Gen Multi-Channel OscilloscopesHigh-Performance Solutions for Modern Power and Embedded Systems Bluetooth 6.0 Brings Enhanced Distance-Ranging ApplicationsNew Version Offers Improved Device Positioning and Location Services Exploring Wireless Communication with BeagleY-AI Err-lectronicsCorrections, Updates, and Readers’ Letters Starting Out in Electronics……Concludes the Topic on Opamps A Powerful AI Code AssistantSpeed Up Your Development with Continue and Visual Studio Code Solar Charge Controller with MPPT (2)The Circuit Ultrasonic Obstacle DetectorA Simple Project to Help Those with Impaired Vision 2025: An AI OdysseyMid-Year Review Raspberry Pi Standalone MIDI Synthesizer (3)Making It Smarter and Adding a User Interface Meshtastic: A Demo ProjectAn Intelligent Mesh of LoRa Radios Analog Audio Frequency GeneratorHigh-Quality Adjustable Frequency Sine Wave Generator

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Programming with GNU Radio HackRF is an open-source hardware platform developed by Great Scott Gadgets and serves as a versatile front end for software-defined radio (SDR). With HackRF One and its successor, HackRF Pro, users can develop their own SDR applications, build powerful receivers and transmitters, and tackle demanding RF measurement tasks. This book provides a practical introduction to the world of SDR. Step by step, the author shows how powerful SDR projects can be implemented with HackRF – from the fundamentals of RF technology to advanced applications using GNU Radio. In addition to working with SDR Sharp (SDR#), RadioConda, and GNU Radio, the book also covers the fundamentals of modern digital signal processing. Numerous experiments and easy-to-follow practical examples guide readers through topics such as AM, FM, and SSB reception, digital filters, shortwave radio, amateur radio, signal generators, and custom RF projects up to 6 GHz. Whether you are a maker, radio amateur, electronics enthusiast, or SDR beginner, this book provides solid knowledge, practical applications, and the motivation to creatively explore the possibilities of modern SDR technology.

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Diese Ausgabe steht allen GOLD- und GREEN-Mitgliedern auf der ElektorMagazine-Website zum Download bereit! Sie sind noch kein Mitglied? Hier klicken! Relio v1.0 – Anwesenheitserkennung und FernsteuerungEin Matter-fähiger Smart-Controller für Hausgeräte Bessere Leiterplatten entwerfenEin praxisnaher Leitfaden für Profis und Maker KiCad 9Die wichtigsten neuen und aktualisierten Funktionen Präzisions-Picoamperemeter (Teil 1)Mit Kennlinienschreiber-Funktion bis in den pA-Bereich Analoger Pipeline-VerzerrerEin cooler Audioeffekt für Gitarren und andere Instrumente Halogene in LötmittelnFakten statt Mythen 100-mV-Durchgangsprüfer Wer treibt die europäische Elektronik voran?Unternehmen im Fokus productronica 2025Neuheiten in Elektronikentwicklung und -fertigung Automatisierung bewältigt Herausforderungenwie Reshoring, Zölle und Arbeitskräftemangel Mehr als ZukunftssicherheitKreislaufwirtschaft in der Elektronik Passive BauelementeVerlustarme Induktivitäten für hocheffiziente DC/DC-Wandler PCB-Produktion im WandelDesktop-Maschinen eröffnen neue Wege für die Leiterplattenfertigung Aller Anfang ...... braucht Spannung UHD-Displays mühelos ansteuernIhr Leitfaden, um unterschiedliche TFT-LCDs schnell in Betrieb zu nehmen Löten im Jahr 2025Praktische Tipps direkt von der Werkbank Weihnachtsstern 2025Ein Stern wird gelötet SimulIDEEin All-in-One-Werkzeug für die Schaltungsentwicklung 2025: Eine KI-OdysseeVom Autovervollständiger zum Kollegen Wortreicher WeihnachtsbaumEin festliches Elektronikprojekt mit verbalem Highlight Projekt 2.0Korrekturen, Updates und Leserbriefe ESP32-Audio-Transceiver-Board (Teil 3)Stereosender und Dual Radio

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For Speed, Area, Power, and Reliability This book teaches the fundamentals of FPGA operation, covering basic CMOS transistor theory to designing digital FPGA chips using LUTs, flip-flops, and embedded memories. Ideal for electrical engineers aiming to design large digital chips using FPGA technology. Discover: The inner workings of FPGA architecture and functionality. Hardware Description Languages (HDL) like Verilog and VHDL. The EDA tool flow for converting HDL source into a functional FPGA chip design. Insider tips for reliable, low power, and high performance FPGA designs. Example designs include: Computer-to-FPGA UART serial communication. An open-source Sump3 logic analyzer implementation. A fully functional graphics controller. What you need: Digilent BASYS3 or similar FPGA eval board with an AMD/Xilinx FPGA. Vivado EDA tool suite (available for download from AMD website free of charge). Project source files available from author’s GitHub site.

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It is becoming important for microcontroller users to quickly learn and adapt to new technologies and architecture used in high performance 32-bit microcontrollers. Many manufacturers now offer 32-bit microcontrollers as general purpose processors in embedded applications. ARM provide 32 and 64-bit processors mainly for embedded applications. These days, the majority of mobile devices including mobile phones, tablets, and GPS receivers are based on ARM technology. The low cost, low power consumption, and high performance of ARM processors makes them ideal for use in complex communication and mixed signal applications. This book makes use of the ARM Cortex-M family of processors in easy-to-follow, practical projects. It gives a detailed introduction to the architecture of the Cortex-M family. Examples of popular hardware and software development kits are described. The architecture of the highly popular ARM Cortex-M processor STM32F107VCT6 is described at a high level, taking into consideration its clock mechanisms, general input/output ports, interrupt sources, ADC and DAC converters, timer facilities, and more. The information provided here should act as a basis for most readers to start using and programming the STM32F107VCT6 microcontroller together with a development kit. Furthermore, the use of the mikroC Pro for ARM integrated development environment (IDE) has been described in detail. This IDE includes everything required to create a project; namely an editor, compiler, simulator, debugger, and device programmer. Although the book is based on the STM32F107VCT6 microcontroller, readers should not find it difficult to follow the projects using other ARM processor family members.

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